Enzyme Immunoassay Principle

Enzyme Immuno test PrincipleENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS (EIA)Enzyme immunochemical assay (EIA)INTRODUCTIONEnzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serological assay) is a powerful proficiency utilize for honouring and quantifying antigens and antibodies in clinical samples. It is widely used in clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. The aim of this essay is to summarise the principle of this technique and to outline the main types of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and its application in clinical laboratories. Subsequently, it will discuss the application of this system in the haematology field.PRINCIPLESThe full general principle of this technique is based on the binding of conjugated enzyme descent cell with specific antibodies to detect and quantify the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test sample. This is followed by adding appropriate colourless substrate which catalyses the interaction decomposable to produce a visible coloured harvest. There argon legion(predicate) chromogenic substrates used in ELISA technique but the most greens ar alkaline phosphatase (AP) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The end product stinkpot be determined by development spectrophotometer and the intensity of colour is straight off comparative to the presence of either antigens or antibodies in the test samples.TYPES There are several(prenominal) types of ELISA which include in contribute, sandwich, competitive, chemiluminescence and elispot assay. Indirect ELISA can be used to detect the antibodies that are present in patients serum. With this method, patients serum containing antibodies is added to the microtitre come up which are coated with the antigen and the intensity of the end colour product is directly proportional to the amount of antibodies that are present in the patients sample. (KUBY) Figure1. Illustrate the unalike types of ELISA to det ect either antigen or antibody.The second type of enzyme linked immunosorbant assay is called sandwich ELISA, in which the target antigen that is to be detected must be located between two antibodies. The antigen of interest that is present in the clinical sample is added to a microtitre wells which is coated with the antibody and the end product is determined by spectrophotometer to measure the amount of antigen in the clinical sample.(DIAGNOSTIC MICRO. BOOK) Figure1.The tuition of biotechnology has become widespread and one example of its progress is the adaption of ELISA by using chemiluminescence substrate rather than chromogenic substrate to extend the sensitivity of the reaction. With this method, chemilumescence (CL) substrate and some enhancing agents, which have the ability to bind an antibody or antigen in the reaction, are used to create light emissions which can be measured by specific spectrometry. This approach has been used to diagnose several types of tumour dise ase, and quantify numerous compounds at low concentration (Baeyens et al. 1998). other example of ELISA modification is enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. It is a quantitative technique often used to detect cytokines that are secreted from single cell in response to the antigen. During the incubation period, the cytokines of interest is released and captured by immobilised anti-cytokines on the microtitre plate. After wash drawing them and adding labelled anti-cytokines antibody and substrate, the end colour product displays as a whole step around each of the secreting cells, which can be estimated. This technique has great potential difference for monitoring immune responses (Cox, Ferrari and Janetzki two hundred6). In addition, sensitive ELISPOT assay has the ability to detect low level of secreted IFN-? compared with other IFN-? assays (Lion et al. 2009). APPLICATIONThere are umteen applications of enzyme immunoassays in clinical laboratories and the monstrousst appl ication is related to the contractings of viruses. For example, the screening and diagnosis of hepatitis virus is routinely used in the lab. These include the espial of HBsAg and HBeAg by direct ELISA, anti-HBc antibody and anti-HBe antibody by competitive ELISA and anti-HBs antibody by validating ELISA (Tsitsilonis et al. 2004).What is much, ELISA can detect HCV antibodies in serum samples as screening tests and the despotic samples are conformed by molecular HCV RNA (Erensoy 2001).The beneficial effect of using an enzyme immunoassay in clinical hematology is that it has the ability to identify alloantibodies in patients who frequently receive thrombocyte transfusions for therapeutic purposes. It has been demonstrated that ELISA is more sensitive to the detection of alloantibodies than other immunoassays, such as lymphocytotoxic test (LCT) and the platelet immunofluorescence test (PIFT), and it is performed in a short period of time (Levin et al. 2003). Furthermore, enzyme im munoassays are able to detect anti-platelet antibodies, platelet associated IgG (PAIgG) , HLA and circulating antibodies in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (Schiffer and Young 1983).There are several pieces of evidence which rede that a ubiquitous herpes virus, in particular Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is affect in many types of lymphoma such as Hodgkins disease and Burkitts lymphoma, so the proterozoic detection of EBV antigen specific T cells is essential and therefore ELISPOT assay can be used to analyse T cell responses (Yang et al. 2000). Another of its trait is related to acquired von Willebrand syndrome, which is caused by autoantibodies against von Willebrand factor (vWF). This plays an essential intention in hemostasis and is characterised by prolonged bleeding due to the abandon in vWF activity. signal detection of anti-vWF antibody can be performed by ELISA (Mohri 2003), and (Stewart et al. 1997) have in mind that competitive ELISA is a usefu l technique in the detection of anti-vWFA antibodies in a clinical samples.Despite the benefits of ELISA in the detection of HLA class I specific antibodies, it is less sensitive than flow cytometry, so before platelet transplantation, flow cytometry must be used (Worthington et al. 2001). Although chemiluminescence immunoassay has great sensitivity in detecting HBsAg in blood bestower samples, it has less sensitivity than the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)(Sato et al. 2001), so to increase the resort of blood from HIV-1 , HCV, and HBV, the nucleic acid amplification technique (NAT) has been applied for the screening of blood donor samples (Weber, Mhlbacher and Melchior 2005).CONCLUSIONEnzyme Immunoassay is one of the most momentous techniques to have been used in clinical laboratories to analyse the antigen-antibody reaction in a short period of time. It is sensitive to screening a large number of clinical samples and therefore has been applied in many clinical laboratories for diagnoses, prognoses and for monitoring immune responses. REFRENCESBAEYENS, W. R. G., et al. (1998). Chemiluminescence-based detection Principles and analytical applications in flowing streams and in immunoassays. journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 17 (6-7), 941-953. 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